Background information
The nm23 gene (Metastasis inhibition factor nm23), a potential suppressor of metastasis, is expressed at a much lower level in highly metastatic cells than in cells with lower metastatic potential. Based on sequence analysis, nm23, also designated nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NDK A) or Tumor metastatic process-associated protein, appears to be highly related to nucleotide diphosphate kinases (NDP). NDP kinases A and B are identical to two isotypes of human nm23 homologs, nm23-H1 and nm23-H2, respectively. nm23-H2 is also identical in sequence to PuF, a transcription factor that binds to nuclease-hypersensitive elements at positions 142 to 115 of the human c-Myc promoter. nm23-H3 and nm23-H4 are important for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates and may play a role in apoptosis induction and hematopoiesis. nm23-H4 localizes to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and is widely expressed, with higher levels detected in prostate, heart, liver, small intestine, and skeletal muscle tissues. Low amounts of nm23-H4 are observed in the brain and in blood leukocytes.
